These are the slides from my talk at the AWS User Group Wellington meet-up on 29 April 2026, walking through how I built a real-time pipeline that listens to speech in the browser and drives a robotic hand to fingerspell the words in American Sign Language (ASL).

Tip: click into the slides and use the arrow keys to navigate, or hit the fullscreen button for the best experience.

What the talk covers​

• The problem — bridging spoken language and ASL fingerspelling in real time, end-to-end
• Voice in — Amazon Nova 2 Sonic bidirectional streaming as a "dumb" speech-to-text relay with forced tool use
• Cloud glue — AWS IoT Core MQTT, AppSync subscriptions, and an AWS CDK stack tying it all together
• Edge AI agent — a Strands Agent on an NVIDIA Jetson translating sentences into servo commands
• The hand — driving the Pollen Robotics Amazing Hand for ASL fingerspelling
• Lessons learned — latency, reliability, and what I'd do differently

Related deep-dive posts​

If you want to go deeper than the slides allow, the full three-part write-up lives here:

1. Part 1 — Frontend and Voice Processing
2. Part 2 — Cloud Infrastructure (IoT, AppSync, CDK)
3. Part 3 — Edge AI Agent (Strands, NVIDIA Jetson, Amazing Hand)

Thanks​

Big thanks to the AWS User Group organisers and everyone who came along — happy to chat about any of this, the code, or where it goes next.

This is Part 3 of a 3-part series covering a real-time voice-to-sign-language translation system. In Part 1, I covered the React frontend that captures speech, processes it with Amazon Nova 2 Sonic, and publishes cleaned sentence text via MQTT. In Part 2, I covered the AWS CDK stack that routes IoT Core messages through Lambda to AppSync for real-time GraphQL subscriptions.

This post covers the final piece — the edge AI agent that actually makes the physical hand move. It is a Strands Agent running on an NVIDIA Jetson that subscribes to MQTT commands from the frontend, uses Amazon Nova 2 Lite to invoke the fingerspell tool, drives the Pollen Robotics Amazing Hand's Feetech SCS0009 servos for ASL fingerspelling letter by letter, records video of the hand in action, uploads it to S3, and publishes hand state back to IoT Core — which Part 2's infrastructure routes through to the frontend via AppSync.

The three repositories in the series:

1. Part 1 - Frontend and Voice Processing (amplify-react-nova-sonic-voice-chat-amazing-hand) — React web app that captures speech, streams to Nova 2 Sonic, publishes cleaned sentence text via MQTT
2. Part 2 - Cloud Infrastructure (cdk-iot-amazing-hand-streaming) — AWS CDK stack that routes IoT Core messages through Lambda to AppSync
3. This post (Part 3) - Edge AI Agent (strands-agents-amazing-hands) — Strands Agent powered by Amazon Nova 2 Lite on NVIDIA Jetson that translates sentence text to ASL servo commands, drives the Amazing Hand, and publishes state back

Goals

• Receive MQTT commands from the React frontend (plain text or JSON with sentence field) and drive the Amazing Hand servos for ASL fingerspelling
• Use the Strands Agents framework with Amazon Nova 2 Lite (us.amazon.nova-2-lite-v1:0) to invoke the fingerspell tool — the LLM passes the incoming text verbatim to the tool for letter-by-letter ASL spelling
• Fingerspell text using the 26-letter ASL alphabet (A-Z), with each letter held for 0.8 seconds and spaces adding a 0.4-second pause
• Control 8 Feetech SCS0009 servos (4 fingers x 2 joints) on the Pollen Robotics Amazing Hand via serial bus at 1M baud using the rustypot library
• Record video of the hand via OpenCV during each fingerspelling sequence, encode to H.264 MP4 via imageio-ffmpeg, upload to S3, and include a presigned URL in the state message
• Publish real-time hand state (servo angles, letter, video URL) to IoT Core over MQTT — which Part 2's CDK stack routes to AppSync for the frontend to consume
• Authenticate to AWS IoT Core using mTLS with X.509 device certificates
• Create a fresh agent instance per MQTT message to prevent conversation history accumulation and unbounded token growth
• Handle graceful shutdown with servo torque disable on SIGINT/SIGTERM

The Overall System

This diagram shows the complete end-to-end system. Part 3 is the edge device highlighted on the right — the NVIDIA Jetson running the Strands Agent that controls the Amazing Hand.

How Part 3 fits in:

• Part 1 (Frontend) publishes cleaned sentence text to the-project/robotic-hand/{deviceName}/action via MQTT
• Part 3 (This agent) subscribes to the /action topic, processes the command through the Strands Agent, drives the servos, records video, and publishes state back to /state
• Part 2 (Infrastructure) picks up the /state messages and routes them through Lambda to AppSync, where the frontend receives them via GraphQL subscriptions

Architecture

The agent is a Python application built on the Strands Agents framework. It runs as a long-lived MQTT listener on the NVIDIA Jetson, creating a fresh agent instance for each incoming message to keep memory bounded.

Agent Architecture​

Components:

• MQTT Listener (agent.py) — Subscribes to the action topic, parses incoming messages (plain text or JSON), and submits each action to a single-threaded agent executor to keep the AWS CRT MQTT event loop free
• Strands Agent — A fresh Agent instance created per message with Amazon Nova 2 Lite as the model, the fingerspell tool as the available action, and a MaxToolCallsHook (limit 3) to prevent runaway tool-call loops
• Fingerspell Tool (hand_control.py) — A @tool decorated function that the LLM invokes to spell text letter-by-letter using the 26-letter ASL alphabet
• Servo Controller — Uses rustypot.Scs0009PyController to communicate with 8 Feetech SCS0009 servos over serial at 1M baud. Each finger has two servos controlled by dedicated move functions (Move_Index, Move_Middle, Move_Ring, Move_Thumb)
• Video Recorder (video_recorder.py) — Background daemon thread captures frames via OpenCV, encodes to H.264 MP4 via imageio-ffmpeg, uploads to S3, and returns a presigned URL (1-hour expiry)
• State Publisher — Non-blocking MQTT publisher on a separate thread that sends hand state (finger angles, letter, video URL) to the /state topic with QoS 1

Data Flow​

Interactive Sequence Diagram​

How it works

MQTT Command Reception​

The agent subscribes to an MQTT action topic (e.g. the-project/robotic-hand/XIAOAmazingHandRight/action) using mTLS authentication with X.509 device certificates. The first connection uses clean_session=True to flush any stale session state, then reconnects with clean_session=False for normal operation.

When a message arrives, the handler tries to parse it as JSON and extract the sentence field. If JSON parsing fails, it treats the entire payload as plain text. The action is then submitted to a single-threaded executor (agent_executor) to keep the AWS CRT MQTT event loop free:

def on_message(topic, payload, dup, qos, retain, **kwargs):
    payload_str = payload.decode("utf-8")
    try:
        data = json.loads(payload_str)
        action = data.get("sentence", payload_str)
    except json.JSONDecodeError:
        action = payload_str
    agent_executor.submit(_process_action, action)

Strands Agent and Amazon Nova 2 Lite​

The Strands Agents framework provides the core AI reasoning loop. A fresh agent instance is created for every MQTT message — this is deliberate to prevent conversation history from accumulating across messages, which would cause unbounded token growth over time.

The agent uses Amazon Nova 2 Lite (us.amazon.nova-2-lite-v1:0) via the Bedrock Converse API. Nova 2 Lite was chosen for its low-latency tool-use responses, which is critical for real-time servo control. The agent is configured with a MaxToolCallsHook that cancels tool calls beyond 3 to prevent infinite LLM tool-call loops.

The agent runs in fingerspell-only mode — only the fingerspell tool is available. The system prompt instructs the LLM to pass the entire message verbatim to the fingerspell tool without shortening or modifying it. State messages include a letter field identifying the current ASL letter being signed.

Servo Hardware and Control​

The Amazing Hand — an open-source robotic hand designed by Pollen Robotics and manufactured by Seeed Studio — has 4 fingers (index, middle, ring, thumb — no pinky) with 2 Feetech SCS0009 servos per finger (8 servos total) connected via a Waveshare driver board over serial USB at 1,000,000 baud.

Each servo has an angle range of -90 to +90 degrees. Per-servo calibration offsets (MiddlePos) are applied during move operations to account for physical alignment:

MiddlePos = [-17, 8, -16, -4, -12, 10, -9, 9]

The control sequence for each finger:

1. Set goal speed for both servos (write_goal_speed) with a 0.2ms sleep between each speed write for serial bus timing
2. Convert angle to radians with calibration offset: np.deg2rad(MiddlePos[i] + angle)
3. Set goal position for both servos (write_goal_position)
4. 5ms sleep after positions are set before the next finger's commands

ASL Fingerspelling Tool​

The fingerspell(text) tool is decorated with @tool from the Strands framework, making it callable by the LLM during inference. It spells text letter-by-letter using the ASL alphabet. Each of the 26 letters (A-Z) is mapped to servo angle tuples for all 4 fingers. Each letter is held for 0.8 seconds, spaces add a 0.4-second pause, and non-letter characters are skipped. A state message with the current letter field is published after each letter.

Since the Amazing Hand has no pinky finger, ASL letters that require a pinky use the ring finger instead.

Video Recording Pipeline​

Video is recorded concurrently with each fingerspelling sequence:

1. Start recording — Before the agent is invoked, start_recording() launches a background daemon thread (video-capture) that captures frames from OpenCV VideoCapture(0) at the camera's native FPS (typically 30)
2. Stop and encode — After the agent completes, stop_recording_and_upload() stops the capture thread, converts frames from BGR (OpenCV) to RGB, and encodes to H.264 MP4 using imageio.v3 with the libx264 codec. The temp file is named hand_YYYYMMDD_HHMMSS_
3. Upload to S3 — The MP4 is uploaded to the configured S3 bucket (default: cc-amazing-video) with key videos/hand_YYYYMMDD_HHMMSS.mp4
4. Presigned URL — A presigned URL is generated with 1-hour expiry and appended to the last state message, which is re-published to the /state topic

State Publishing​

After each servo movement, the tool publishes a state message to the MQTT /state topic (e.g. the-project/robotic-hand/XIAOAmazingHandRight/state) with QoS 1. Publishing is non-blocking — it submits to a dedicated _publish_executor thread to avoid blocking the servo tool.

The state payload:

{
  "gesture": "fingerspell",
  "letter": "E",
  "ts": 1770550850,
  "fingers": {
    "index":  { "angle_1": 45, "angle_2": -45 },
    "middle": { "angle_1": 45, "angle_2": -45 },
    "ring":   { "angle_1": 45, "angle_2": -45 },
    "thumb":  { "angle_1": 60, "angle_2": -60 }
  },
  "video_url": "https://cc-amazing-video.s3.amazonaws.com/videos/hand_20260228.mp4?..."
}

The last published state is cached so that publish_state_with_video_url() can re-publish it with the presigned URL appended after video upload completes — without needing to re-read servo angles.

This state payload is what Part 2's CDK stack picks up via the IoT Rule, flattens in Lambda, and pushes into AppSync for the frontend to consume.

Threading Model​

The agent uses two thread pools and a daemon thread to keep operations non-blocking:

Graceful Shutdown​

On SIGINT or SIGTERM, the agent:

1. Sets a stop event to exit the main loop
2. Disables servo torque (write_torque_enable(1, 2)) to release the servos and prevent power draw
3. Disconnects from MQTT
4. Logs completion

Technical Challenges & Solutions

Challenge 1: Conversation History Bloat​

Problem: Strands Agents maintain conversation history by default. Over time, as hundreds of MQTT messages are processed, the token count grows unboundedly, increasing latency and cost.

Solution: A fresh Agent instance is created for every MQTT message. This discards all prior conversation history, keeping each invocation lightweight. Token usage (input, output, total) is logged after each invocation for monitoring.

Challenge 2: Runaway Tool-Call Loops​

Problem: The LLM might enter a loop of calling tools repeatedly — for example, calling fingerspell then deciding to call it again with modified text, then again.

Solution: A custom MaxToolCallsHook implementing the Strands HookProvider interface. It counts tool calls per agent invocation and cancels any tool call beyond the limit of 3. This is injected into the agent via hooks=[MaxToolCallsHook()].

Challenge 3: No Pinky Finger on the Amazing Hand​

Problem: The Pollen Robotics Amazing Hand has only 4 fingers (index, middle, ring, thumb) — no pinky. Several ASL letters require specific pinky positions (e.g. I, J, Y).

Solution: ASL letters that require a pinky use the ring finger instead. The 26-letter ASL alphabet is manually mapped to 4-finger servo angle tuples, approximating the correct hand shape with the available fingers.

Challenge 4: Serial Bus Timing​

Problem: Sending servo commands too quickly over the serial bus causes missed commands or erratic movement. The Feetech SCS0009 protocol requires time between operations.

Solution: A 0.2ms sleep is inserted between speed writes, and a 5ms sleep is added after both goal positions are set, giving the serial bus time to process each command before the next finger's sequence begins.

Getting Started

GitHub Repository: https://github.com/chiwaichan/strands-agents-amazing-hands

Prerequisites​

• NVIDIA Jetson (AGX Thor or Orin Nano Super) with Python 3.10+
• Pollen Robotics Amazing Hand connected via USB serial (Waveshare driver board)
• AWS IoT Core device certificates (certificate, private key, root CA)
• Amazon Bedrock access enabled for Nova 2 Lite in us-east-1
• USB camera connected to the Jetson
• S3 bucket for video storage (default: cc-amazing-video)

Installation​

git clone https://github.com/chiwaichan/strands-agents-amazing-hands.git
cd strands-agents-amazing-hands
pip install -e .

Running the Agent​

amazing-hand-agent \
  --endpoint your-iot-endpoint.iot.us-east-1.amazonaws.com \
  --cert certs/device.pem.crt \
  --key certs/device.pem.key \
  --ca certs/AmazonRootCA1.pem \
  --topic the-project/robotic-hand/XIAOAmazingHandRight/action \
  --serial-port /dev/amazing-hand-right \
  --s3-bucket cc-amazing-video

The agent will connect to IoT Core, subscribe to the action topic, and wait for commands. When a message arrives, it will process it through the Strands Agent, drive the servos, record video, and publish state back.

Summary

This post covered the edge AI agent — the final piece of the voice-to-sign-language translation system:

• Strands Agents framework with Amazon Nova 2 Lite for tool-use — a fresh agent per MQTT message prevents history bloat, with MaxToolCallsHook limiting calls to 3
• ASL fingerspelling with the 26-letter alphabet (A-Z), each letter held for 0.8 seconds — the fingerspell tool is decorated with @tool for LLM invocation
• 8 Feetech SCS0009 servos on 4 fingers controlled via rustypot over serial at 1M baud, with per-servo calibration offsets
• Video pipeline captures via OpenCV in a background daemon thread, encodes to H.264 MP4 via imageio-ffmpeg, uploads to S3, and includes a 1-hour presigned URL in the final state message
• Non-blocking threading with 2 thread pools (agent executor off MQTT event loop, state publisher) and a daemon thread for video capture
• Real-time state publishing to IoT Core after every servo movement — which Part 2's CDK stack routes through Lambda to AppSync, completing the feedback loop to the React frontend in Part 1
• Graceful shutdown disables servo torque on SIGINT/SIGTERM to release the servos and prevent power draw

This is Part 1 of a 3-part series covering a real-time voice-to-sign-language translation system. The complete solution spans three separate repositories, each responsible for a distinct layer of the system:

1. This post (Part 1) - Frontend and Voice Processing — The React web app that captures speech, streams it to Amazon Nova 2 Sonic on Bedrock, publishes cleaned sentence text via MQTT, and renders a real-time 3D hand visualisation
2. Part 2 - Cloud Infrastructure (cdk-iot-amazing-hand-streaming) — The AWS CDK stack that routes IoT Core messages through Lambda to AppSync, enabling real-time GraphQL subscriptions between the edge device and the frontend
3. Part 3 - Edge AI Agent (strands-agents-amazing-hands) — The Strands Agent powered by Amazon Nova 2 Lite running on an NVIDIA Jetson that receives MQTT sentence text, translates it to ASL servo commands, drives the Pollen Robotics Amazing Hand for fingerspelling, and streams video and state back

In this post, I focus on how speech enters the system, how Amazon Nova 2 Sonic processes and cleans up the spoken input, and how the frontend publishes cleaned sentence text over MQTT — setting the stage for Parts 2 and 3.

The key idea is that Nova 2 Sonic is not used as a chatbot here — it is configured as a dumb speech-to-text relay pipe that cleans up grammar, removes filler words like "um" and "uh", translates non-English speech to English, and forwards the cleaned text via a forced tool invocation (send_text) on every single utterance. The frontend then publishes the cleaned sentence text to AWS IoT Core over MQTT for the edge device to translate into ASL servo commands.

Goals

• Capture speech in the browser and stream it to Amazon Nova 2 Sonic via bidirectional streaming — no backend servers required
• Use Nova 2 Sonic's forced tool use (send_text) with toolChoice: { any: {} } to relay cleaned text on every utterance, not as a conversational chatbot
• Publish cleaned sentence text to AWS IoT Core over MQTT for the edge device to translate into ASL servo commands
• Subscribe to real-time hand state updates via GraphQL (AppSync) and synchronise a 3D Three.js hand animation with the physical hand
• Use AWS Amplify Gen 2 for infrastructure-as-code backend definition in TypeScript (Cognito, AppSync, IAM policies)
• Display a 3-column UI with signed letter history, 3D hand animation with video feed, and live transcript with microphone controls

The Overall System

The end-to-end system takes spoken words from a browser microphone all the way through to physical ASL fingerspelling on an Amazing Hand — an open-source robotic hand designed by Pollen Robotics and manufactured by Seeed Studio — passing through cloud AI, IoT messaging, and an edge AI agent along the way.

System Components:

1. React Frontend (this post) - Captures speech, streams to Bedrock, publishes cleaned sentence text to MQTT, renders 3D hand animation synchronised with the physical hand via GraphQL subscriptions
2. Cloud Infrastructure (Part 2) - AWS CDK stack with IoT Core rules that route MQTT messages through Lambda to AppSync, enabling real-time GraphQL subscriptions between the edge device and the frontend
3. Edge AI Agent (Part 3) - Strands Agent powered by Amazon Nova 2 Lite on an NVIDIA Jetson that receives MQTT sentence text, translates it to ASL servo commands, drives the Amazing Hand for fingerspelling letter by letter, records video, and publishes hand state back via IoT Core

Interactive Sequence Diagram​

Architecture

The frontend is built with React 19, Vite 7, and TypeScript 5.9. The application is structured around a main VoiceChat.tsx component that orchestrates four custom hooks, three utility modules, and a Three.js-based hand animation component.

React Hooks Architecture​

Components:

• VoiceChat.tsx - Main UI component with a 3-column responsive layout. Coordinates all hooks, renders the transcript feed, microphone controls, signed letter history, hand state data grid, video feed, and 3D animation. Collapses to a single column on screens under 1100px
• useNovaSonic - Core hook managing the Bedrock bidirectional stream with InvokeModelWithBidirectionalStreamCommand. Handles authentication via Cognito, the Nova 2 Sonic event protocol (session/prompt/content lifecycle), the async generator input stream with backpressure, and send_text tool use responses. The tool is configured with toolChoice: { any: {} } to force tool invocation on every utterance
• useAudioRecorder - Captures microphone input using an inline AudioWorklet running in a separate thread. Accumulates 2048 samples per buffer, resamples from the device sample rate (typically 48kHz) to 16kHz, converts Float32 to PCM16, and Base64 encodes for transmission
• useAudioPlayer - Provides audio playback capability (FIFO queue of AudioBuffers at 24kHz). In the current implementation, Nova 2 Sonic's audio output is intentionally discarded since only the cleaned text via tool use is needed — the hook is available but not actively fed audio data
• useHandStream - Subscribes to AppSync GraphQL onCreateHandState subscription filtered by device name. Fetches the last 20 hand states on mount and maintains a real-time list of 8 servo angles (thumb, index, middle, ring — each with two joint angles), letters, and video URLs
• iotPublisher.ts - Publishes MQTT messages to the topic the-project/robotic-hand/XIAOAmazingHandRight/action. Publishes cleaned sentence text as { id, sentence, ts } payloads and handles IoT policy attachment to the Cognito identity
• HandAnimation.tsx - Procedurally generated 3D robotic hand using Three.js with no external 3D models. The palm is built with LatheGeometry (curved cup shape), and each finger has a dual-joint rig (proximal + distal) with synchronised linkage. Uses WebGL rendering with PCFSoftShadowMap shadows, OrbitControls, and industrial-style materials with metalness/roughness

Authentication Flow​

The frontend needs temporary AWS credentials to call both Bedrock (for Nova 2 Sonic streaming) and IoT Core (for MQTT publishing). No long-term credentials are stored in the browser.

Authentication Layers:

• Cognito User Pool - Handles user registration and login with email/password. Configured via Amplify Gen 2 defineAuth with preferredUsername as an optional attribute
• Cognito Identity Pool - Exchanges JWT tokens from the User Pool for temporary AWS credentials (access key, secret key, session token). Credentials are automatically refreshed by the Amplify SDK before expiration
• IAM Role - The authenticated user role grants two sets of permissions: bedrock:InvokeModel and bedrock:InvokeModelWithResponseStream scoped to amazon.nova-2-sonic-v1:0 in us-east-1, and iot:Publish, iot:Connect, iot:DescribeEndpoint, and iot:AttachPolicy for IoT Core MQTT access. An IoT Core policy (RoboticHandPolicy) is also attached to the Cognito identity at runtime to authorise MQTT publishing to the the-project/robotic-hand/* topic pattern

How it works

Audio Capture and Processing​

The browser captures audio from the microphone using the Web Audio API and an AudioWorklet running in a separate thread. The AudioWorklet avoids main-thread blocking and processes audio in real-time with echo cancellation and noise suppression enabled.

Input Processing (Recording):

1. Microphone - Browser calls getUserMedia() to capture audio at the device's native sample rate (typically 48kHz) with mono channel, echo cancellation, and noise suppression enabled
2. AudioWorklet - An inline AudioCaptureProcessor (loaded as a Blob URL to avoid CORS issues) runs in a separate thread. It accumulates samples in a buffer and posts a Float32Array message to the main thread every 2048 samples
3. Resample - Linear interpolation resampling converts from 48kHz to 16kHz (Nova 2 Sonic's required input rate). The ratio is calculated dynamically from the actual device sample rate
4. Float32 to PCM16 - Floating point samples in the range [-1, 1] are converted to 16-bit signed integers. Negative values are multiplied by 0x8000 and positive values by 0x7FFF
5. Base64 Encode - The binary PCM data is encoded to Base64 text for JSON transmission to Bedrock via a custom uint8ArrayToBase64() utility that iterates bytes into a binary string and then calls btoa()

Amazon Nova 2 Sonic Bidirectional Streaming​

The heart of the system is the bidirectional stream to Amazon Nova 2 Sonic using InvokeModelWithBidirectionalStreamCommand. Nova 2 Sonic is configured not as a chatbot, but as a speech relay that cleans up input and forwards it via forced tool use.

Input Events (sent to Bedrock):

• sessionStart - Initialises the session with inference configuration: maxTokens: 1024, topP: 0.9, temperature: 0.7
• promptStart - Configures audio output format: audio/lpcm at 24kHz, 16-bit, mono, voice matthew, Base64 encoding. Also defines the send_text tool with toolChoice: { any: {} } to force tool invocation on every utterance
• contentStart (TEXT) - Sends the system prompt that instructs Nova 2 Sonic to act as a "dumb speech-to-text relay pipe" — clean up grammar, remove filler words, translate non-English to English, call send_text with the cleaned text, then respond with only "Sent"
• contentStart (AUDIO) - Marks the beginning of audio input content
• audioInput - Streams Base64-encoded 16kHz PCM audio chunks in real-time as the user speaks
• contentEnd / promptEnd / sessionEnd - Lifecycle events to terminate content blocks, prompts, and sessions

Output Events (received from Bedrock):

• textOutput - Returns transcribed user speech and the generated AI response text ("Sent")
• toolUse - The send_text tool invocation containing the cleaned text in { sentence: "..." } format. This is the primary output — the frontend publishes the sentence to MQTT for the edge device to translate into ASL servo commands
• audioOutput - Synthesised voice response as Base64-encoded 24kHz PCM. In the current implementation, audio output is intentionally discarded since only the cleaned text via tool use is needed

Tool Use — send_text:

• The tool is defined with toolChoice: { any: {} }, which forces Nova 2 Sonic to call it on every single utterance without exception
• The tool accepts a single sentence parameter — the cleaned-up, well-formed sentence
• When the tool invocation arrives, the frontend extracts the sentence and publishes it as { id, sentence, ts } to IoT Core via MQTT using publishSentence(). The edge device then translates the sentence into ASL servo commands
• A JSON tool result ({ "status": "success", "sentence": "..." }) is sent back to Nova 2 Sonic to complete the tool use cycle

Publishing Sentences via MQTT​

Once the cleaned sentence is extracted from the send_text tool invocation, iotPublisher.ts publishes it to the MQTT topic the-project/robotic-hand/XIAOAmazingHandRight/action via AWS IoT Core.

The payload is a simple JSON object containing:

• id - A UUID for the message
• sentence - The cleaned sentence text from Nova 2 Sonic
• ts - Unix timestamp in seconds

The edge device (covered in Part 3) receives this sentence and is responsible for translating it into ASL servo commands and driving the physical hand.

Interactive Sequence Diagram​

The browser console logs the performance breakdown for each utterance through the voice-to-IoT pipeline. In this example, the end-to-end time from speech detection to IoT publish is approximately 2.9 seconds — with the majority spent on Speech-to-Text (2228ms) as Nova 2 Sonic processes the audio, followed by Text-to-Tool extraction (423ms) and IoT Publish (243ms):

Real-Time Hand State via GraphQL Subscription​

The frontend subscribes to AppSync's onCreateHandState GraphQL subscription to receive real-time updates from the edge device. Each update includes the device name, current letter being signed, all 8 servo angles (thumb, index, middle, ring — each with two joint angles), a timestamp, and an optional video URL.

On mount, the hook fetches the last 20 hand states to populate the UI immediately. New states arrive in real-time as the edge device publishes them back through IoT Core → Lambda → AppSync. The data is displayed in both the signed letter history panel and the raw hand state data grid.

3D Hand Visualisation​

The HandAnimation.tsx component renders a procedurally generated 3D robotic hand using Three.js — no external 3D models are loaded. The entire hand is built from code:

• The palm uses LatheGeometry to create a curved cup shape that tapers from a narrow wrist (radius 0.18) to wide knuckles (radius 0.56)
• Each finger has a dual-joint rig with proximal and distal segments, knuckle joints, linkage bars, and fingertips. The thumb is mounted on the side of the palm and rotates on the Z-axis, while the index, middle, and ring fingers are mounted on the front rim and rotate on the X-axis
• The distal joint automatically follows the proximal joint at 50% of its angle, simulating a synchronised linkage mechanism
• Materials use industrial-style metalness/roughness: dark gray frame (0x2a2a2a), light gray joints (0x888888), and darker gray tips (0x555555)
• The scene includes PCFSoftShadowMap shadows, ambient lighting (0.8), directional light (1.0), and a fill light (0.4), with OrbitControls for interactive zoom and rotation

Servo angle updates from the GraphQL subscription drive the finger rotations in real-time, keeping the 3D animation synchronised with the physical Amazing Hand.

Audio Playback​

The useAudioPlayer hook provides a FIFO queue-based audio playback capability for Web Audio AudioBuffer objects at 24kHz. However, in the current implementation, Nova 2 Sonic's audio output is intentionally discarded — the onAudioOutput callback is set to a no-op since only the cleaned text via the send_text tool use is needed to drive the MQTT pipeline. The hook remains available for future use if audio feedback is desired.

Technical Challenges & Solutions

Challenge 1: AudioWorklet CORS Issues​

Problem: Loading an AudioWorklet processor from an external JavaScript file fails with CORS errors on some deployments, particularly when using Amplify Hosting.

Solution: Inline the AudioWorklet code as a Blob URL. The processor code is defined as a string, converted to a Blob with type application/javascript, and loaded via URL.createObjectURL(). The object URL is revoked after the module is added:

const blob = new Blob([audioWorkletCode], { type: 'application/javascript' });
const workletUrl = URL.createObjectURL(blob);
await audioContext.audioWorklet.addModule(workletUrl);
URL.revokeObjectURL(workletUrl);

Challenge 2: Forcing Tool Use on Every Utterance​

Problem: Nova 2 Sonic is a conversational model by default — it wants to chat and respond naturally. But in this system, it needs to act as a pure relay, forwarding every single utterance as cleaned text without adding commentary or refusing any messages.

Solution: A combination of system prompt engineering and forced tool use. The system prompt explicitly instructs Nova 2 Sonic to act as a "dumb speech-to-text relay pipe" and never add commentary. The send_text tool is configured with toolChoice: { any: {} }, which forces the model to invoke a tool on every response. After calling the tool, it is instructed to only respond with "Sent".

Challenge 3: Keeping MQTT Payloads Simple​

Problem: The system needs to transmit the user's intent from the frontend to the edge device reliably via IoT Core MQTT.

Solution: Rather than translating text to servo commands on the frontend (which would require large payloads with many servo poses), the frontend publishes only the cleaned sentence text as a compact { id, sentence, ts } JSON payload. The edge device is responsible for translating the sentence into ASL servo commands, keeping the MQTT messages small and the frontend simple.

Getting Started

GitHub Repository: https://github.com/chiwaichan/amplify-react-nova-sonic-voice-chat-amazing-hand

Prerequisites​

• Node.js 18+
• AWS Account with Amazon Nova 2 Sonic model access enabled in Bedrock (us-east-1 region)
• AWS CLI configured with credentials

Deployment Steps​

1. Enable Nova 2 Sonic in Bedrock Console (us-east-1 region)

2. Clone and Install:

git clone https://github.com/chiwaichan/amplify-react-nova-sonic-voice-chat-amazing-hand.git
cd amplify-react-nova-sonic-voice-chat-amazing-hand
npm install

3. Start Amplify Sandbox:

npx ampx sandbox

4. Run Development Server:

npm run dev

5. Open Application: Navigate to http://localhost:5173, create an account, and start talking. Note that the full system requires Parts 2 and 3 to be deployed for the physical hand to respond — but the frontend will still capture speech, process it through Nova 2 Sonic, and display the 3D hand animation independently.

What's Next

In Part 2, I will cover the cloud infrastructure layer — the AWS CDK stack (cdk-iot-amazing-hand-streaming) that routes IoT Core MQTT messages through Lambda to AppSync. This is the bridge that enables real-time GraphQL subscriptions, allowing the frontend to receive hand state updates from the edge device as they happen.

In Part 3, I will cover the edge AI agent (strands-agents-amazing-hands) — a Strands Agent powered by Amazon Nova 2 Lite running on an NVIDIA Jetson that subscribes to the MQTT sentence text published by this frontend, translates them into physical servo movements on the Pollen Robotics Amazing Hand for ASL fingerspelling, records video of the hand in action, and publishes state back through IoT Core.

Summary

This post covered the frontend and voice processing layer of a real-time voice-to-sign-language translation system:

• Amazon Nova 2 Sonic is used not as a chatbot but as a speech relay — configured via system prompt and toolChoice: { any: {} } forced send_text tool use to clean up grammar, remove filler words, translate to English, and forward every utterance as text
• Audio pipeline captures at 48kHz via AudioWorklet, resamples to 16kHz, converts to PCM16 Base64 for Bedrock input. Nova 2 Sonic's audio output is intentionally discarded since only the cleaned text is needed
• MQTT publishing sends cleaned sentence text as { id, sentence, ts } to AWS IoT Core for the edge device to translate into ASL servo commands
• Real-time feedback via GraphQL subscriptions keeps the 3D Three.js hand animation synchronised with the physical Amazing Hand using 8 servo angles (thumb, index, middle, ring — each with two joints)
• Fully serverless frontend using AWS Amplify Gen 2 with Cognito authentication, no backend servers — direct browser-to-Bedrock and browser-to-IoT Core communication